10^th Annual World Congress on Pediatrics, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition March 23-25, 2017 Orlando, Florida, USA

The aim of the study of pediatric gastroenterology is to reduce infant and child rate of deaths, control the spread of infectious disease, promote healthy lifestyles for a long disease-free life and help ease the problems of children and adolescents. It can be acknowledged that this can be reached by learning the major and primary subject on gastroenterology. It includes the treatments involved for the betterment of gastrointestinal health in children.

Gastrointestinal Tract is an organ system responsible for transporting and digesting foodstuffs, absorbing nutrients, and expelling waste. Gastrointestinal motility is defined by the movements of the digestive system, and the transit of the contents within it. When nerves or muscles in any portion of the digestive tract do not function with their normal strength and coordination, a person develops symptoms related to motility problems.

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) arises initially during the process of gastrulation from the endoderm of the trilaminar embryo (week 3) and extends from the buccopharyngeal membrane to the cloacal membrane. The tract and associated organs later have contributions from all the germ cell layers. Digestion is the breakdown of food into smaller particles or individual nutrients.

Obesity is the most prevalent nutritional disorder among children and adolescents in the United States. Approximately 21-24% of American children and adolescents are overweight, and another 16-18% is obese; the prevalence of obesity is highest among specific ethnic groups. Chronic abdominal pain (CAP) persists for more than 3 mo either continuously or intermittently. Intermittent pain may be referred to as recurrent abdominal pain (RAP). CAP occurs any time after 5 year of age. Up to 10% of children require evaluation for RAP.

Gastrointestinal defects affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. This includes the oesophagus that connects mouth with stomach, and stomach to intestines. Food travels through the tract after eating. Barrett's oesophagus is a condition where the cells of the oesophagus (gullet) grow abnormally. The biliary tract refers to the liver, gall bladder and bile ducts, and how they work together to make, store and secrete bile. Biliary disease often presents with upper abdominal pain. The pain quality is a penetrating aching or tightness, typically severe and located in the epigastrium.

Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix. Appendicitis commonly presents with right lower abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and decreased appetite. Rumination syndrome, or Merycism, is a chronic motility disorder characterized by effortless regurgitation of most meals following consumption, due to the involuntary contraction of the muscles around the abdomen. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that affects mostly the lungs but also the pancreas, liver, kidneys, and intestine.

Surgeons continue their efforts to improve their techniques to operate colorectal cancers. They now have a better understanding of what makes colorectal surgery more likely to be successful, such as making sure enough lymph nodes are removed during the operation. Esophageal cancer usually begins in the cells that line the inside of the oesophagus. Pancreatic cancer begins in the tissues of your pancreas an organ in your abdomen that lies horizontally behind the lower part of your stomach. Colorectal cancer is cancer that starts in the colon or rectum. The colon and the rectum are parts of the large intestine, which is the lower part of the body’s digestive system

Pancreatic cancer is aggressive with few symptoms until the cancer is advanced. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhoea, and jaundice. Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Gallbladder cancer is a relatively uncommon cancer. If it is diagnosed early enough, it can be cured by removing the gallbladder, part of the liver and associated lymph nodes. Most often it is found after symptoms such as abdominal pain, jaundice and vomiting occur, and it has spread to other organs such as the liver.

Barium enema: lower bowel examination, barium enema is an X-ray test that allows doctor to examine the lower part of bowel. Barium swallow and barium meal tests: Both barium swallow and barium meal test involves a series of X-rays being taken of the digestive tract. Cholangiography: Cholangiography is an examination that uses X-rays and contrast medium (dye) to view bile ducts. Cholecystography: Cholecystography is a procedure that helps to diagnose gallstones using X-rays and contrast medium to show up the gallbladder and bile duct. Coeliac disease: tests, find out about the tests used to diagnose coeliac disease.

Endoscopy is a nonsurgical procedure used to examine a person's digestive tract. Oral cholecystography is a procedure used to visualize the gallbladder by administering, by mouth, a radiopaque contrast agent that is excreted by the liver. This excreted material will collect in the gallbladder, where reabsorption of water concentrates the excreted contrast.

Intussusception is the most common abdominal emergency affecting children under 2 years old. It happens when one portion of the bowel slides into the next, much like the pieces of a telescope. A hydrocele is a collection of fluid within the processus vaginalis (PV) that produces swelling in the inguinal region or scrotum. An inguinal hernia occurs when abdominal organs protrude into the inguinal canal or scrotum. Hirschsprung’s disease is a condition that affects the large intestine (colon) and causes problems with passing stool.

Intussusception is the most common abdominal emergency affecting children under 2 years old. It happens when one portion of the bowel slides into the next. An inguinal hernia occurs in the groin area when fatty or intestinal tissues push through the inguinal canal. The inguinal canal resides at the base of the abdomen. Atresia is a condition in which an orifice or passage in the body is closed or absent. Examples of atresia include: Imperforate anus, malformation of the opening between the rectum and anus.

Proton pump inhibitors reduce the production of acid in the stomach. This leaves little acid in the stomach juice so that if stomach juice backs up into the esophagus, it is less irritating. This allows the esophagus to heal. Antacid alkaline suspension is a drug combination that neutralizes gastric acidity and increases the pH of the stomach and duodenal bulb. Aluminium ions inhibit smooth muscle contraction and gastric emptying. Magnesium-aluminium antacid mixtures are used to avoid changes in bowel function. Gastric acid suppressants, in the form of histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs), have transformed the management of dyspepsia, peptic ulceration and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.

Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a group of drugs whose main action is a pronounced and long-lasting reduction of gastric acid production. Gastric acid suppressants, in the form of histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) and subsequently proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), have transformed the management of dyspepsia, peptic ulceration and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. PPIs are now among the most commonly prescribed medications worldwide.

Child development involves the biological, psychological and emotional changes that occur in human beings between birth and the end of adolescence, as the individual progresses from dependency to increasing autonomy. It is a continuous process with a predictable sequence yet having a unique course for every child.

A major problem in childhood is obesity. In America, the number of obese children is rapidly increasing. Childhood obesity is caused by a variety of factors. The main causes of childhood obesity are "lifestyle issues-too little activity and too many calories. Child obesity can cause major problems with a child’s development. In order for a child to develop successfully, he or she must grow up in a positive environment with good health and academics. If a child becomes obese, there will be consequences such as: depression, low self-esteem, eating disorders, medical problems, and so on. These issues of childhood obesity can be slowed, if society focuses on the causes. If parents enforce a healthy lifestyle at home with physical activity and proper dieting, many issues with obesity could be avoided.

Hepatology is a branch of medicine concerned with the study, prevention, diagnosis and management of diseases that affect the liver, gallbladder, biliary tree and pancreas. The term is derived from the Greek words hepatikos and logia, which mean liver and study.

Wilson's disease or hepatolenticular degeneration is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder in which copper accumulates in tissues; this manifests as neurological or psychiatric symptoms and liver disease. Liver tumors or hepatic tumors are tumors or growths on or in the liver. Several distinct types of tumors can develop in the liver because the liver is made up of various cell types. These growths can be benign or malignant (cancerous).

Food Industry is a complex, global collective of diverse businesses that supply most of the food consumed by the world population. Only subsistence farmers, those who survive on what they grow, and hunter-gatherers can be considered outside of the scope of the modern food industry.

The novel technologies in Food Science alter the Food Sector to reinforce the standard of the eatables and drinks. New food stuffs embrace Biotechnology primarily based strategies food product e.g. genetically modified food, Organic crops and food stuffs, supermolecule based mostly diet. Hence, the food that we consume every day is the result of intensive food analysis, a scientific investigation into a spread of foods’ properties and compositions.

Pediatric Nutrition is the maintenance of a proper well-balanced diet consisting of the essential nutrients and the adequate caloric intake necessary to promote growth and sustain the physiologic requirements at the various stages of a child's development. Pediatric nutritional needs vary considerably with age, level of activity, and environmental conditions and they are directly related to the rate of growth. Breast Feeding has important ingredients that are not found in any infant formula, to build the baby’s immune system. Pediatric nutrition must consist of essential Vitamins and Minerals which help for the growth and development. Proteins are the basic units required mainly for the construction of the body muscles and in all the metabolic activities of the body. To increase the calcium levels intake of dairy products are needed.

A food allergy is an abnormal immune response to food. The signs and symptoms may range from mild to severe. They may include itchiness, swelling of the tongue, vomiting, diarrhoea, hives, trouble breathing, or low blood pressure. This typically occurs within minutes to several hours of exposure. Increases in the incidence and prevalence of anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and other eating disorders in children and adolescents make it critically important that pediatricians be familiar with early detection and appropriate management of these disorders. During the growing years between infancy and adolescence, adequate nutrition is of utmost importance. Child’s diet does not only support their normal growth and development, but also supports their immune system, and develops lifelong eating habits. Although dietary needs, appetites, and tastes varies widely throughout childhood, it is important to consistently provide the child with healthy options from all of the major food groups.

A healthy diet helps children grow and learn. It also helps prevent obesity and weight-related diseases, such as diabetes. The best nutritious diet for children includes: fruits and vegetables, healthy sources of protein, such as lean meat, nuts, and eggs, whole-grain breads and cereals due to rich fibre content, Broil, grill, or steam foods and water or milk instead of sugary fruit drinks and sodas.

Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and other substances in food (e.g. phytonutrients, anthocyanins, tannins, etc.) in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease of an organism. It includes Food products and the real nutritive value, Nutrition & metabolism, Nutritional epidemiology, Implementing Nutritional Care. To provide exposure to technologies, government/institutional assistance, increase international tie-ups and to provide knowledge about recent trends in Food & beverages sector is the aim of this event.

A Case Report is a detailed report of the symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports contain a demographic profile of the patient and usually describes an unusual or novel occurrence. Some case reports also contain a literature review of other reported cases.

The session includes discussion on Pediatric Gastroenterology, Neonatal Gastroenterology, Pediatric Gastrointestinal disorders, Pediatric hepatology, Pediatric Nutrition and Pediatric Surgery.

A vitamin is an organic compound and a vital nutrient that an organism requires in limited amounts. An organic chemical compound (or related set of compounds) is called a vitamin when the organism cannot synthesize the compound in sufficient quantities, and it must be obtained through the diet; thus, the term "vitamin" is conditional upon the circumstances and the particular organism.

Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Some, such as vitamin D, have hormone-like functions as regulators of mineral metabolism, or regulators of cell and tissue growth and differentiation (such as some forms of vitamin A). Others function as antioxidants (e.g., vitamin E and sometimes vitamin C). The largest number of vitamins, the B complex vitamins, functions as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them; coenzymes help enzymes in their work as catalysts in metabolism.